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Glossary - Definitions of Greenstructure and Urban Planning terms Some first definitions for the words listed in the table below; this is meant to make you react and make improvements - let's start a debate!! Definitions
and national data To add your own definitions or ideas just email me and I shall add them to these pages. Greenspace Anne Beer -
UK Greenspace
- Greenspaces are "places" within and around the
city - these "places" carry human activity as well
as plants, wildlife and water and their presence
influences quality of life, as well as the quality
of air and water. It can be
argued that Greenspaces are essential to the
maintenance and enhancement of the quality of life
in all urban areas. See below for a
diagram indicating the
composition of urban Greenspace within a
city.
Ann Caroll
Werquin -FR The term is not
common in France, to me it is similar to
"green
system",
which is a term I frequently use Greenspaces do
exist by themselves, greenstructure is part of the
image of the city or of places within or around the
city. It is the alive body of it dealing with
vegetal life and natural moves (light, sky, birds,
squarrels ...) , such as inhabitants are the
society part of it, … Stephan Pauleit
-D Urban
Greenstructure encompasses all urban open spaces,
from designated public to private open spaces
(residential, commercial, industrial and services),
incl. accessory urban open spaces, e.g. along roads
and railway lines. A comprehensive definition of
urban greenstructure is important as open spaces
which are non vegetated (not green) may also have
important functions for recreation, environmental
improvement, wildlife and urban character. For
instance, railway lines may serve as corridors for
fresh air and wildlife. Lucia
Martincigh-I URBAN OPEN
SPACES: SPAZI URBANI APERTI I would like to
add this definition. In Italy, "Urban open spaces"
are not only "Parks and Playing fields" (in
reference to Anne's note for the urban ecologist in
Belgium, point b), but also, and above all, squares
and streets; they are not only designated
officially, but defined also unofficially; the
greenspace in public use is a specific category:
public parks and gardens . I like the
sketch of "greenspace" but I think it should be put
in a wider model. I think we should start from the
wider framework: "Urban open (or outdoor) spaces"
and then specify how our study inserts itself in
it. These spaces could be aggregated in three main
categories: greenspaces, paved spaces with green,
paved spaces or better "stone spaces" (Corrado
Beguinot); since many studies have already been run
on the public, outdoor, urban space, above all on
the "stone" one and on the paved one, our study
focuses on the role of the other two, either public
or private ones, since the effect of the green on
the level of urban life quality derives also from
the presence of private green spaces. Then we can
find a justification for inserting the "limit
space" inside the definition of "greenspace", as it
has before been inserted in the "stone" one, I
think. I think indeed
it is very important already, in the theoric
approach, to treat at once the urban space as a
continuity among its various specifications, in
this case: green spaces/stone ones, but also
indoor/outdoor, vehicular mobility/non motorized
one etc. So I agree with
Stephan to find "a comprehensive definition of
urban greenstructure" taking into consideration
also "open spaces that are not vegetated", that is
why I think we have to insert our topic in the
wider one, taking in account the study already run
in the field, and declaring our focus, if we don't
want to study also those without green. Personally
I think we could study also them, but not as a main
goal, but as interference with our specific
topic. GREENSPACES:
SPAZI VERDI (What are
they?) They are "places" characterized by the
presence of a vegetable environment, with water and
wildlife, that can host human activity. (How are they?)
The specific nature features, the dimensions and
morphology, the different ratio between the green
environment and the human one, are some of the
elements that determine the different typologies of
greenspaces. (Where are
they?) They can be located both inside and outside
the urban developments, and as a fringe; the
location can weight on the determination of
different types of greenspace. (What is their
use?) They can play many roles and so they can
improve the quality of life of the urban settlement
in many ways, acting directly on the urban
environment or on the way of life of the
people: * offering to
dwellers a space to perform the various different
activities they demand; * providing a
way to increase the direct knowledge of natural
life, and of exercising the five senses; * improving the
thermal, visual, acoustic comfort of people in
different seasons and situations; * improving the
attractiveness of the urban structure by their
integration with its other characterizing
components; * diminishing
the cesura between nature and artifice, contryside
and city; * providing a
better control of environment decay. P.S. To make a
comparison with France. In Italy, up to now, it has
been spoken more of "greenspaces" than of
"greensystem"; the latter, in my opinion, is in
some way a synonym of "greenstructure", being the
"structure" a "system" in itself, for its meaning
definition (at least in the italian
language). Klaus
Wagner In Austria we
have 9 different planning-acts in the
"Bundesländer" (provinces) so we have no
common definitions for the terms, they vary a
little in their concrete meanings. Greenspace In Austria the
notion greenspace is not a legal term but in the
common planning language it is used for all
non-built up areas within and around the cities
which carry all sorts of human activities more or
less in connection with the open air and determined
by plants or are inaccessible due to nature
protection as well (allotment, cemetary, park,
stadium, nature protection area ...). Open space
icludes also agricultural areas ... Kestutis
Zaleckis Green space - a
natural or seminatural open space in a
city. To add your own
definitions or ideas just email
Anne
Beer.
Definitions
and national data Patterns of Greenspace - for a mixture of natural environmental (mainly topographical) and historic reasons, cities can have differing patterns of Greenspace. Patterns of
Greenspace Anne Beer -
UK Lucia
Martincigh-I PATTERNS OF
GREENSPACE: MODELLI DI SPAZIO VERDE We can speak of
"patterns" in many way, so we have to decide which
one to choose; the one Ann chose is analysing the
reasons for which they were created; that is one
way, and I think is very important, and needed, to
understand the phenomenon and to find a new
effective policy. Personally, I
will try to propose also another way, aimed more at
the planning of a system and at the design of the
various elements of the system. Obviously I will
give only an idea of it, because it needs some work
to do to be appropriately defined; I think indeed
it could be one of the objects of the Working
packages. From having
explained before how the "greenspaces" can be of
many types, it descends that they can be classified
in many different ways depending on the parameters
that are considered: * geometry:
unidimensional (linear, that is along the paths and
streets, roads or railways, rivers, canals etc.),
bidimensional (as a plane, that is fields, urban
gardens or orchards, with grass extension, flower
or vegetable beds, shrubs, small trees) and
tridimensional (as a volume, that is a park , a
wood, a forest); * dimensions:
small (street furniture, flower beds, single
elements, spots, patches, private front or back
gardens etc.), medium (public urban gardens in
squares and widenings, domestic gardens etc.),
large (villas, public parks, botanical gardens,
cemeteries - mostly the old ones, in Italy - zoo,
woods etc.); * destinations
in planning: agricoltural land, green areas, green
belts, national heritage gardens (alive monument),
natural reserve, integral reserve, clear zones,
infrastructure and services, recreational areas,
sport areas, spa resorts, property regime: public,
private, etc.; * structure:
"islands", network, type of system, etc. * people
presence: low, medium high, continuous, seldom,
rare, etc. * role in the
urban structure: density control, hygene,
perspective, decoration, leysure etc. * and to be
found many more ..... Each
classification brings in itself different
environmental consequences, different models of
design ( french or italian garden, english garden,
modern garden, playgrounds, life paths, outdoor
public spaces etc.) and of use (walking, resting,
meeting, reading, chatting, playing and sporting
(what use?) etc. To add your own definitions or ideas just email Anne Beer
Definitions
and national data
To add your own
definitions or ideas just email
Anne Beer
The
functions of urban open spaces Stephan
Pauleit-D The criteria
for the assessment of the performance of urban open
spaces may be sorted into these broad categories.
Economy could be added as a further
dimension. Urban site
requirements means the different conditions for
urban green spaces in European cities and towns,
e.g. climatic regimes, socio-cultural background,
history, economic frame conditions.
Assessment of the performance of urban open spaces Greenstructure
Anne Beer -
UK This word is
not used in the UK planning systems. However, in
urban planning literature Greenstructure has been
used to allow the development of concepts relating
to the role of a city's Greenspaces in the
planning, designing and management of urban areas.
There is a noticeable lack of planning theory in
relation to the overall role of Greenspace in
cities; instead only specific Greenspaces with
specific attributes have been considered by the
planning process in the UK (i.e. public parks,
historic urban gardens and recreational open
spaces). In the planning literature (at least in
English) there is a lack of discussion about how a
proper consideration and understanding of the
function of Greenspaces might influence the future
spatial planning of urban areas. I take
Greenstructure to be concerned with the
organisational aspects of a city's Greenspaces -
how such spaces are best planned, designed and
managed in relation to the other land uses of a
city. Ann Caroll
Werquin -FR Greenstructure
is for me a different concept than greenspaces,
containing the idea of an interaction between built
part of an urban context and at the same time signs
of Nature. Studying
greenstructure includes a consideration of a city's
greenspaces and other urban spaces (public or
private) with concentrations of vegatation but also
pays attention to how natural elements are valued
in the place under consideration(it therefore deals
with social, ecological and economic issues…)
Is
Greenstructure only colored in green ? Probably
not, because it brings together for me porous soils
(earth, sand) blue lines (rivers, canals…) and
topography… etc. making a whole. Which urban
spaces are parts of Greenstructure ?: this may be a
question of interest for our group. Trying once to
make a literature list about " greenways ", I found
in American author Roxanne Warren Mc Graw book "
The Urban oasis, guideways and greenways to the
human environment " (1997) lots of cases of
pedestrian zones, which while giving a different
rhythm to a walk within the city are not
"ecologically sound" places. We will need to decide
whether we include these non ecologically sound
spaces as part of green structure? Greenstructure
is for me more linked with ecology taking a leading
part, limitting pollution and water problems
(Boston as said Anne…) being protected from
noise… Bjorn Malbert
-SW Green Structure
is to me a concept that tries to grasp the
functions and values of urban green resources as
well as their spatial dimensions. In the Swedish
context it is launched as an attempt to better
integrate green issues in urban land use planning
and urban design. Broadly, we can
discuss at least four dimensions of the green
structure concept: The spatial
dimension: All land of the urban landscape that
is neither covered nor sealed including for
instance parks, play grounds, sport fields,
allotments, private gardens, green spaces of
housing districts, industrial properties as well as
along streets and railroads. The
ecological dimension: Flora and fauna and their
habitats. Urban climate. Technical support
systems. The cultural
dimension: History, identity, green as design
elements. The social
dimension: Recreation, health, leisure and
pedagogical meaning. The Swedish
experience so far is that the concept of Green
Structure have been useful to empower green issues
at least at the level of structural planning, but
there is a strong need of better concepts and
design principles for the detailed levels of
planning, beyond this broad concept. Sybrand
Tjallingii -NL The
COST C11 Memorandum of Understanding describes the
concept of greenstructure as follows:
"As
a field of research, 'greenstructure and urban
planning' is concerned with the spatial structure
of green areas in the urban landscape and with all
planning activities that are essential to create
conditions for green areas to perform their vital
role for the quality of urban life. The concept of
'greenstructure' is used to indicate the position
of green areas in the urban landscape. As such
'greenstructure' has spatial, social and technical
dimensions. The latter is sometimes referred to as
'green infrastructure'. 'Greenstructure', however,
is also a planning concept, indicating the
intention to develop planning and management tools
for a structural role of green areas in the urban
fabric and the urban organization. In this context
the proposed COST action is not in the first place
concerned with greenstructures as a technical
object. Rather, greenstructures are seen in a
problem and opportunity perspective. Research in
this perspective includes both empirical and
normative aspects. Problems
of green areas are related to intensive use,
building activities, fragmentation by roads,
pollution, noise and other forms of pressure
imposed on green areas and open space in the
existing cities. On the edge of the city there is
increased pressure of suburbanization and traffic
on surrounding greenbelts. In many cases, green
areas are small and scattered. In some cases,
however, greenstructure is seen as an
opportunityÝ: 'green fingers' or 'greenways'
are turned to backbones of urban development. As
there is always some relation to the landscape
underlying the urban history, green areas may
significantly contribute to the identity of a
neighbourhood, a city or an urban region. Cities
have developed experiences in addressing these
problems and using these opportunities. The
proposed COST action will promote the exchange and
evaluation of these experiences. Experiences
include urban planning issues like approaches to
disperse suburban growth, corridor concepts and
'compact city' strategies. They also include
approaches to communication and decision making, to
public-private partnerships, to the real estate and
housing market, to technical infrastructure
planning and to urban design. The participating
researchers and planners may learn from a
comparison and assessment of conceptual tools and
operational methods used in different
cities. To
many citizens green areas are for recreation and
sports, but the city's greenstructure also may
improve air quality and mesoclimate, it may
contribute to biodiversity, it may perform water
retention functions and create attractive cycle
tracks. The multifunctional nature of
greenstructures clearly shows their potential role
in ecologically sound and sustainable urban
development." Lucia
Martincigh-I GREENSTRUCTURE:
STRUTTURA VERDE If I open up
the word, I can say structure of the green, and if
the word green=greenspaces, then I can say:
structure of the greenspaces; with this expression
I mean not only the elements that constitute the
greenspace in itself (vegetation, water, animals,
natural materials etc.), but above all how the
various greenspaces are shaped on their whole, in
relation to the concepts of distribution and of
organization, to form a system of
greenspaces. If this is the
right meaning to be given to the expression, then
the situation in Italy about the subject is similar
to the english one. It has to be pointed out though
that, at cultural level, the approach exists, and
some first plans have tried to face it, also if not
so much inside the city as in its outskirts or in
connection with something outside the
city. Case
studies ·
Zandonella Necca D., Ziman Scudo K., "La greenway
della battaglia di Pavia", in Ambiente Costruito,
n.1, january/march 2000; · Scudo,
G. "Una nuova alleanza tra natura e tecnologia", in
Ambiente Costruito, n. 4 october/december
1999; ·
Antoniacci F., "Sulla via dei Romei. Il parco di
Teodocrico a Ravenna", in Paesaggio Urbano, n. 4,
july/august, 1999; · Fabio
Armillotta, "Concorso per idee per la progettazione
di un parco urbano a Misano Adriatico, in Paesaggio
Urbano, n. 4, july/august, 1999; · AA,VV,
"Contratti di Quartiere - Padova", in Ambiente
Costruito, n.4 october/december 1999; At the cultural
level, the need for the creation of a green system
is felt as it is felt the need to create a
pedestrian dedicated network; the two aspects have
close links, and in my opinion they should be kept
in mind in suggesting an integrated approach to
their planning and design. All the places that
guest pedestrians, and if not possible most of
them, should be planned also as greenspaces, just
because they can offer a comfortable and healthy
environment for people. So it is
possible to arrive to say that an urban
greenstructure will offer a variety of greenspaces,
from sanctuaries to paved spaces with some green;
from places where the man's presence is rare, to
the ones where it is very high, from large areas of
park to small patches of grass that punctuate the,
in some way green, links of the system,
etc. In the case of
Rome, for example, a citizens association is moving
under this slogan: "To defend Rome environmental
heritage. To strengthen the network of parks that
are equipped and open to citizens". They ask that
the local Administration increases the greenspaces
network that is equipped and usable by
citizens. In Italian
cities, up to now, interventions aimed at improving
greenspaces supply have been targeted to create
more or less natural "islands" of different kinds.
The use of this tool and the lack of putting
together such interventions arose a new kind of
"zoning", devastating, in some way, the continuous
character of the city. The same phenomenon has
characterized the approach to the pedestrian
mobility dedicated spaces, too. In order to
safeguard the urban continuity, the city must be
thought on its whole, organizing its urban spaces
so to allow the coexistence among the different
kinds of mobility, the simultaneously presence of
various activities, and the mix (with different
nuances) between pedestrian use and green elements,
foreshadowing a sequence of more little green areas
, mixed together, and supported by, controlled
routes. In Italy, for
instance, the "Environmental Island" tool, as
outlined by traffic plan rules, considers a
residential area (surrounded by the main roads
network and formed by local roads only), aimed at
upgrading the urban spaces livability; such policy
sets pedestrians, and thence their requirements, in
the center of the mobility design of these areas
and, by reducing cars speed and amount, allows to
increase the spaces dedicated to them, to re-design
them and to equip them so to improve the
environmental quality; to this aim, green plays a
priority role. "Green
islands", such as paved spaces with green,
greenspaces, parks and garden are already present,
in different quantity, in our cities; in order to
guarantee their continuity and integration, they
must be connected in a network system, with "stone
spaces" too inserted in it , so to create a
greenstructure. To the need of
keeping on continuity among the different zones (of
mainly urban or of mainly natural character),
within urban and semiurban areas, it can be
answered also in a different way, i.e. creating
"ecological corridors" able to ensure the passing
and the movement of flora and fauna from a system
to another, and guaranteeing the "health" of the
territory, meant as an ecosystem . These "passages"
are mainly constituted by vegetation; they can be
also formed by simple road underways that allow
animals crossing, or by wooded zones, set at a
suitable distance, dedicated to the birds rest, or
also by clear zones along watercourses, where flora
and fauna can develop without interferences. In
particular, by facing the possibility of
"fluidifying" the passage from the built areas to
the natural ones, both in small urban centers and
in metropolitan outskirts, the contribution given
by biological cultivations can be considered;
indeed, in such cultivations, the used treatments,
besides not being harmful for dwellers, have a
reduced impact, allowing, consequently, the optimum
development of the surrounding natural
environment. Thence, it is
interesting to analyze the compatibility between
the two approaches, and how much of them could be
planned in continuity. Klaus
Wagner Greenstructure The word is not
used in the official planning systems but in the
language of planners etc. in the sense of
conceptual considerations and is a more abstract
notion as greenspace and in connection with
considerations about whole systems Kestutis
Zaleckis Greenstructure
- a system of greenspaces in a city. It can perform
some additional functions as a system, besides the
functions performed by single green
areas. Functions of
greenstructure should help to reach desired quality
of urban environment. Urban
environment must satisfy all needs of human beings.
These needs could be divided into main groups:
physiological, psychological, social, economical.
The traditional idea is that green areas should
help to assure some ecological, hygienical and
recreational qualities for their surroundings.
Besides that as a system of green areas it can help
to satisfy the very important need of humans - to
live in a preferred space. It could be done at the
entire city level. The impact of preferred space on
behavior of human beings and the actual qualities
are investigated by environmental
psychology. Connections
between the actual qualities of preferred urban
space and the greenstructure: 1. Environment
should not produce stress by visual signals that we
receive. That's the field investigated by
videourboecology. It is known that typical urban
space (direct lines, right angles, gray colors, big
planes, static field and etc.) reduces spontaneous
attention. This makes people to feel negative
stress. The typical natural environment (not direct
lines, different angles, many colored, small
planes, etc.) makes the contrary influence. The
negative influence of urban environment could be
softened by changing its characteristics, but it
could not be eliminated this way. That could be the
function of greenstructure all over a
city. 2. Coherence
and legibility. These properties are related with
each other and should be examined together.
Coherence means that all parts of city are
perceived as an entire complex. It depends on
ability to draw a mental map of a whole city into
imagination and on some qualities of that map as
well. According to K.Lynch, this map is constructed
from the spatial elements: paths, edges, districts,
nodes and landmarks. Together these elements make
some kind of spatial network. Legibility -
possibility to recognize these elements of spatial
network in urban environment. What do we need
for urban space to make it coherent ant legible? We
need two things: the continuous spatial network all
over a city and "readable" elements of this network
into urban environment. How can greenstructure help
to assure that? The three main
problems that are met in Lithuanian cities and the
possible solutions: * Different
conditions of observation. People are using
different kinds of traffic for moving through a
city - car, public transport and pedestrian ways.
Each kind of transports makes its own autonomous
network of ways. No one network covers all urban
area. Result - we have many different mental maps
of one city. Greenstructure is a continuous system
of spaces. It can help to solve that problem by
covering all area of city and creating conditions
for pedestrian and bicycle traffic. * The new
living areas ((50% of urbanized area in the largest
cities) are designed in free form in Lithuania.
Result - we have not the recognizable elements of
the spatial network. These areas are chaotic,
formless and shapeless. It is difficult for people
to imagine and remember these parts of the cities.
Greenstructure can help to solve this problem by
creating some parts of the spatial network -
boundaries, dominants and ways. * We have not
the continuous spatial network in our cities. This
problem is an outcome of the two mentioned above
and can be solved together with the above mentioned
problems. 3. Complexity -
sufficient number of space types in a city.
Monotony of urban areas is a common problem for
post soviet countries. Greenstructure with the
variety of space types could make the situation
better. 4.
Mysteriousness - it is some degree of instability,
changeability, chaotization of environment (in
positive meaning of the term). In European culture
a city always was understood as order and
stability. Nature - as chaos. It is in European
mentality. So only greenstructure can add this
characteristic to a whole city. I think that
creation of preferred space in a city should be
considered as an important function of
greenstructure. We should take into consideration
that greenstructure will help to form and create
the city image as well. It is true because the
qualities of coherence, complexity and
mysteriousness are directly applied to the image of
city. The urban structure as the whole complex
could be perceived conceptually only and when we
are speaking about the qualities of urban
environment - in many cases we have in mind
qualities of the city image. Gunilla
Lindholm (Sw) I suggest a
definition of greenstructure with three
faces: One
is an object - the pattern, contents and
composition of the sum of vegetation, non-paved
soil and non-tubed water (including the different
qualities for the whole and for the separate places
and elements) in urban areas. Two
is an action - "to structure in a green
way", i. e. to structure urban areas (green or not
green) for sustainable development. Three
is change - the spatio-temporal variations
of the relations between structures and elements in
various scale, over time. I believe (or
hope) thoughts to occur in minds, when trying to
see these faces at the same time, or change between
them. To add your own
definitions or ideas just email
Anne Beer
Definitions
and national data Greenstructure
Planning Anne Beer -
UK The concept of
Greenstructure Planning has been adopted in
some northern European countries (notably Norway
and the Netherlands) as a means of linking
consideration of the quality of life in the present
day city to the presence or absence of Greenspaces
and the special and varying qualities of such
spaces. Greenstructure Planning is a
mechanism which deals with how a city's Greenspaces
might be planned in a spatial sense, and then how
they might best be designed, managed and maintained
for the benefit of the local population. These
benefits include the use of Greenspaces as follows:
A properly
functioning urban Greenstructure is as
important to the quality of life of urban dwellers
as a city's Infrastructure* and needs to be
recognised as such by the planning
system. *Physical
Infrastructure is taken to mean the network of
buildings and the associated communication, utility
and material supplies needed for these to function
as supports for a city's economic and social
infrastructure. I have expanded
on this in the UK context a draft paper which Is
available
for comment on this
internet
site Ann Caroll
Werquin -FR In my opinion -
there is much need to investigate the concept of
"Planning greenstructure" now. Because the new
urban settlements in France and elsewhere have
strarted changing from the patterns in the two last
decades - the idea of the " urban" city has come
into fashion and at the expense of the "villagey"
or "lanscaped" city (which was using lots of
hedgerows…). Green surplus is disappearing
fast. There is a need
to work out how ecological purpose can be supported
with patterns of green structure styrong enough to
withstand the growth of concentrate planned urban
areas . We need
examples of where greenstructure has been
successfully introduced so bettering recent urban
development projects and also of projects where the
greenstructure fits with the aims of urban design
solutions which aim to save land. This seems to me
a realm of research in which gathering materials
would be very useful. Stephan Pauleit
- D What are the
main challenges for urban
greenstructure? A distinction
may be made between challenges for urban
greenstructure by urban development in the city and
the city region which have a characteristic
configuration of built spaces and greenstructure
and a specific set of strength/ opportunities and
weaknesses/ threats. These were identified in the
Munich Case Study - see
diagram • Inner
city: historic cores and closed multistorey blocks
from the 19th and early 20th century Challenges:
overall low cover/ deficits of public open spaces;
deficit and low quality of private open spaces,
e.g. in backyards; threats to heritage of
historical gardens and parks: need to preserve,
regenerate and manage. •
Transition zone: mix of different land uses/
settlement types. The transition zone is often the
result of quick and uncoordinated growth since the
1950. Moderate dynamics. Challenges:
managing infill development on private open spaces
(housing, commercial areas), restoration of
derelict land; improving access to open spaces;
upgrading of open spaces on the grounds of public
housing, shopping centres and in industrial areas,
conservation of overall high
biodiversity. • Urban
fringe: predominantly agriculture/
forestry Challenges:
improving access to the land (agriculture,
institutional land) and pathways from the city;
accommodating urban development and new land uses
(e.g. housing, retail centres and business parks;
recreation facilities); upgrading of farmland
(biodiversity, landscape character) • City
region: Urban pressure zone: Challenges:
developing a greenstructure which (re-)creates
landscape identity from the chaotic mix of remnants
from natural, cultural, modern farming, urban and
post-industrial landscapes; which accommodates the
different land users, and which is a backbone for
future development. Otherwise all the challenges
listed for the urban fringe. Lucia
Martincigh-I GREENSTRUCTURE
PLANNING: PIANIFICAZIONE DELLA STRUTTURA
VERDE I would divide
the subject in two: planning and design, because
the scale to be faced is very different, and so the
decisions to be taken and the technical solutions
are very different. The planning of
the greenstructure is only at city scale, and so in
some way gives the general directions and the main
goals to fulfil through a general plan. It is
connected to a bird eye view, and to the general
balance of the city needs, under the point of view
of the city's life quality on its whole: ratio
built up area/greenspaces, ratio greenspaces/number
of inhabitants, water needs, air circulation needs,
pollution level, funding and managing needs etc.
most of them linked to hygienic problems, taking
into account the topography, the general
characteristic of the lands extension that forms
the city territory. This plan deals with ecological
aspects, infrastructural and structural aspects,
dimensions and consistency. What Stephan
has described for the Munich Case Study seems to me
a good example of planning and planning general
directions. GREENSTRUCTURE
DESIGN: PROGETTAZIONE DELLA STRUTTURA
VERDE The design
deals on one side with the indications given by the
general plan, on the other side with the specific
situation of the considered place, with all its
involved elements: space characteristics,
landmarks, people, uses, culture, social
composition etc. The program of intervention is
defined by the general plan, the technical
solutions to fulfil must be found, the approach to
find them is to be chosen (the
requirements/performances one ?), and it will be
used to define the specific design. This design
deals with the spatial and architectonic aspects,
with the natural and artificial components, with
the specific uses articulation, and finally with
the management and maintainance
programs. P.S. To make a
comparison with UK, in Italy the word
"infrastructure" usually has a different meaning;
it is taken to mean the network of transport
facilities and the network of services (water,
electricity, gas, comunication etc.). The way in
which the buildings are organized forms the
structure of the city: in a scattered way or in a
compact way. Concentrated
cities versus dispersed ones; under this point of
view it is necessary again to consider different
aspects not to become too partisan in our
definitions; for example a city is more sustainable
if it is compact, because allows for less use of
motorized transport modes, and for less use of
unspoiled land, and so indirectly it is also more
ecological. Now it is necessary to understand how
to plan and design a greenstructure for a compact
city, maybe leaving the big parks on its outskirts,
or ..... As for the
final glossary, once we agree on it, I think we
should find a very short sentence for every
expression; probably some of the expressions here
are quite difficult to be defined in few words,
they sound more like topics to be deepened inthe
WGs. Klaus
Wagner Greenstructure
planning In Austria this
term is not used but instead of it - and I think in
the meaning of it - Greenspace planning as a part
of the landscape planning at a special scale.
Landscape planning is not really defined in Austria
but becomes more and more established as a
subject Of regional
development plans, land use plans... Austrian terms
(with the meaning of it): Green
area Areas
determined by plants and in connection with
settlements (parks, playgrounds, sports
etc.) Greenspace
system, Green zone Greater
approach of a system determined by plants with a
greater functional coherence Greenbelt/Greenwedge Greenspace
system in the shape of a belt or wedge Greenstripe Linear area
along roads etc. with the only function of distance
between different land use categories Greenland Especially
agricultural used land (grassland, meadows
...) Definitions
and national data To add your own definitions or ideas just email Anne Beer
© A.R.Beer and COSTC11 research group, 2000 |
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