|
|
European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research - COST Action C11 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Marseille Working
Group 1B -
HUMAN ISSUES - MENU OF INFORMATION AND PAPERS
PRESENTED TO WORKING GROUP Other papers
available Milan Oct
02 Munich June 02
Minutes Psychological
factors Marseille -
Leisure issues Leisure Message from
Ann Carol Werquin click to return
to COST C11 WG1B Marseille, Case
study, Second survey
: Draft Paper
Leisure practices in the city region. --------------------------------------------- Ann-Caroll
Werquin, Bernard Duhem, october
2001. Note
further Images still to be added ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Additional
information about the places visited by Marseilles
people for leisure-time. Image
Corine Map shows dense
city in brown, low-dense urbanisation in red,
industrial and commercial zones in violet, wetlands
in dark blue, forests in dark green, vegetated
areas in light green, agricultural land in yellow,
vineyard in pink, rice-cultures and irrigated
cultures in orange. About
Marseilles metropolis and at a national level,
commuting for leisure purposes is not a new thing
but is increasing more than for other purposes in
the recent decades . Coming and
going to the country, for visiting the family,
walking, fishing…, or to spend ones spare time
in a second home, is known for long in
mediterranean regions, but, in the forty past
years, the gain of spare-time was generalised, way
of life changed and commuting during that time, for
leisure, sport playing, vacation and to escort
children to their activities increased much more
than for other purposes. Two effects on
greenstructures are to be seen : on metropolitan
landscapes, a strong effect related to the making
and enlargement of roads and because of the
frequentation of natural spaces away from the city
, … on urban public gardens, some
frequentation of city gardens are lowered and the
character of the demand is changed. Comparison, at
a national level, of datas for commuting between
1982 and 1994 is talkative (Official National
Statistics, enquête Transport INSEE-INRETS)
: Between
1981 and 1993 to
work for
shopping visiting
family and friends for
leisure Number
of journeys (rate of
increa-sement) + 2
% + 13
% + 33
% + 22
% Mean
distance for each journey 8,6 to
10,7 km 5,4 to
6,8 km 11,3
to 11,6 km 9,3 to
11,4 km In a circle of
80 km, commuting for spare-time is blowingup when
journey to work is diminishing, especially during
the week-time. For Sunday and the week-end, the
blowing-up is concerning the outside of the circle
of 80 kilometres. New places for
spare-time appeared in the metropolitan area, and,
by now, most journeys for visiting the family or
the friends take place in the week-time, from
periphery to periphery, which explain the
blowing-up of commuting. In Marseille,
before second world-war, the going out were for
very close places, visiting family was by foot most
of the time, furthermore, nowadays, the idea of
nearness has completly changed, because of the
ownership of cars and of easiness and rapidity of
the recent express-roads network. The town itself
is coming more attractive for leisure, especially
with the layout of the beaches which success is
substantial (created in 1976 and constantly
enlarged since, containing lots of different
equipements and welcoming much events). But most of the
mobility is to go outside the city. Places to visit
for a days holiday can be very far, the sports
played and the types of leisure have increased just
as the way to use ones spare-time (going to the
gymnasium on lunch-time, practicing a daily-jogging
before work, lefting the office to benefit of a
good wind for surf …) Three types of
datas can be given, representative of actual
journeys : more than 100
000 visitors/jby day to the Prado beaches during
summer-time (for a total of 6 millions visitors a
year), around 40 000
visitors on Sunday in Plan de Campagne , a very big
commercial centre (the bigger one in France) open
24 Hours on 24 H, which can be catalogued as
offering "fun shopping" (see more further
on), 2,6 millions of
visitors/a year, that is three time more than ten
years back, in the mountainous part behind the
coastal seaside (the calanques ). Trips in all
natural spaces in the proximity of the city have
increased in a enormous way, even in the forests,
and even rather far away (to the ski resort, to the
Alpen mountains…) image Plan
de campagne In Marseille,
during the twenty-five past years, about 30 % of
inhabitants of the dense part of the city went to
live in outskirts. This suburbanisation changed the
relation between town and nature. Having a garden
and being in a quiet residential area is now rather
usual and, for the week-end, people are looking to
busy places offering entertainment and company or
are looking for true nature such as in regional
natural parks, Natura 2000 sites (when open to
public) or natural spaces where to find wildlife,
which is so different, and restful, from their
usual environment. It is frequent,
leaving home for a visit, a sport, a leisure-place
or a casual event, to spend in car 10/15 minutes
for a daily trip, and from 30 mn to 55 mn on the
week-end. It can be much more longer for some
persons who can afford expensive leisure and who
find in it the way to convey her personal identity
. The consumption
of leisure activities is very unequal, it often
depends on the incomes of the family. The main
reasons for going out were not much changing in the
past decades : keeping in touch with the family and
the friends, going out just for a promenade and
escorting the children to their leisure activities
or to their grandparents to be kept during
work-time, represent a very large part of
leisure-time, but new trends appear. Sport is
getting more important (to keep ones body in good
condition, to be with fellows and within a network,
at a period the relationship with the neighbourhood
is not the same it was in the dense city) and the
commuting related to the childrens activities have
raised. If you can afford to let your children
playing numerous sports, it is thought good for
social education and for improving their future
position. Big casual events, gathering hundred or
thousand of persons, are also more fashionable they
used to be. Image Vx
Port A successuf
recent event : Carnival with Brasilian schools of
samba at the Vieux Port, 2000. In Marseille,
some types of greenspaces are loosing users.
Longchamp Park was, still in 1940/1950, a place
much resorted to, having a summer-house for music
(bandstand), fresh avenues and a zoo. Three public
gardens of that type, in which you could spend all
your leisure-time of the Sunday and meet friends
and family, are few frequented by now. Some habits
dont disappear, the ones who were crazy about
ball-games, spending all their time in the stadium
do continue to go there, but they also go to the
commercial centres (coffee-houses full of
sport-supporters signs can be found), where humble
people do also go, even if they dont buy, just to
see busy places. The significant
changes in leisure habits in Marseille since the
beginning of the seventies. To know how
manners have altered, we can refer to two
social-scientists surveys : one conducted in 1969
concerning an important sample, sized for
representation of the whole city inhabitants, the
second-one, dating from 1980, concerning only
persons living in the city-core, and excluding the
poorest part of them (migrants). We also have very
recent reports from sociological scientists (from
the group Emergence AMM about Marseille, and from
others research-works conducted in
France) Besides, we
joined issues with the municipal office managing
the seashore, the green and natural spaces in
Marseille and with others persons able to enlight
the subject and the local context. In the sixties,
departure for the week-end are numerous. In 1969, about
400 000 inhabitants (50 %) quit Marseille every
week-end. On the other hand ,20 % of Marseilles
people in summer and 27 % in winter never go out of
the town. Commuting is
clearly more important in summer : 31 % of the
inhabitants go out every week-end in summer and
only 16 % do so in winter. For those
trips, visits to parents or friends is the first
reason (27%), to go for a walk is the second reason
(24 %), attending sports game concern 19 % of
inhabitants (swimming for most of them), going to a
second home is the fourth reason (9%) then take
place special events, to relax or get
fun. Image
Commuting 35 à 40
% of sports-hobby is relating to the sea
(swimming). Skiing, fishing and walking come after
(11 à 17 % for each one). Men go out more
than women. Wealthy people
(persons in business) consummate more activities
and more journeys (horse-riding, climbing,
submarine-fishing, tennis...), especially between
30/50 years, but very wealthy people stay more
often in their second home. People with low
income factory-hands, students, unactives persons
do move rarely, they visit the family, they wish to
play sport but cannot afford it . The countryside
next-door to Marseille is said to be rich of
opportunities for leisure, except for
river-fishing, but the cost is said to bridle the
ambitions. Differences
between social groups is enhanced with the
consummating of leisures. . In 1980, took
place a survey related to people living in the city
core, to know more about them and their habits for
shopping and for rest. The inquiry was hold only on
the middle-class inhabitants (not on foreign-born
persons). 70 % of
apartements were rental. It showed that
persons living there made the choice of vicinity
from their work-place (55 %). They appreciate the
adjacency of equipements (choice for more of 50 %),
the presence of relatives, friends or next-door
neighbours, and the fact of belonging to an
environment in which the form of blocks of
apartements is appearing safe from conflicts. A
social life with neighbours do exist, a quality of
life and the aminity of being able to walk to all
places is quoted by numerous residents. A few of the
inhabitants came because of the cheap rents
(13%). The inquiry
shows (at that time : 1980) a decline of the
city-core, the greater part of inhabitants
investigated thinking of, later on, living outside
the city. Most of them are young persons. The ones
who want to stay are mostly looking for the
cheapest rent, some shops-owners are waiting to be
in retreat to go living in their second home.
Middle class is less wishing of staying than modest
people. Concerning
leisure habits, most of inhabitants are leaving
Marseille on days holiday. 35 % of inhabitants are
going out the city every week-end, 16 % of them a
week-end out of two and 25,4 % a week-end once a
month. Wealthy people
go away for week-end six times more than modest
persons in retreat. Young couples
with children leave often (going to
family). To relax,
people go out walking in the public spaces every
day (70 %), espacially the Vieux Port (83 % of
inhabitants go there quite usually), taking time
when going to shops, offices… to pass through
such places (they like streets full of shops when
they are wealthy and prefer public spaces when
modests). They often say they spent in that way the
time they save on journey to work. Persons in
retreat spend more time in public spaces and busy
streets (going there, with no special
aim). About public
gardens. Frequenting
small public gardens inside the city core is
particular, it concerns mostly family with children
under six years old and persons in retreat (but 40
% of this type of family never go to these gardens
and 58 % of persons in retreat never
go). In general
average 13 % of inhabitants go to these gardens
once a week, 18 % visit them occasionally and 69 %
of inhabitants never go (the answer is no for 83 %
of wealthy persons owning a second home and is no
for 61 % of factory-workmen and offices-work
persons. However these
gardens are seen as necessary community facilities
and, furthermore, a large public garden is claimed
by the inhabitants for the city core. Relating large
gardens in surrondings of the town, those who go to
small gardens do frequent them also, users are more
numerous, all types of family may go and even more
of the wealthy persons (21/25 % of them go there
frequently when they were only 4 to 12 % going to a
small garden). In those urban parks, an average of
48 % of the inhabitants never go, about 20 % visit
them casually and 14 % are regular visitors, once a
week. To play sport
or to pursue a hobby concern 25 à 30 % of
the inquired inhabitants. The practice of sports,
going out for restaurants, cinemas and shows is
according the financial resources of the persons.
Yet young persons go out more than the ones upwards
50 years. On the contrary
vicinity visits (relatives, friends) are as
numerous whatever are the incomes. Only 4 % of
inquired persons own a boat. To a question
saying : "if the municipality could have, in the
coming years, a large free soil in the city-core,
for what use would you like priority to be given ?"
51,5 % of inhabitants answered the layout of a big
public garden, the answer in second had only 14,8 %
positive votes and was for a leisure-centre (with a
swimming-pool), 12,6 % of the persons found it was
too difficult to make a choice. These answers
are to be seen as likely requirements for a less
polluting town, more greened one, and for better
quality of outdoor spaces and life conditions ; the
demand for a public garden is higher when people
have modest income (demand from 71 % of humble
persons in retreat, from 50 % in global average,
from 32 % of wealthy persons owners of a second
home). To-day's
leisure-practices. Consequences of
increasing of mobility. The meaning of
proximity is not the same. To take ones
car is easy and is necessary to obtain the
well-being of consummating specific
leisure. Sportground
distant by car of 10 or 15 mn from home is
considered as close to the user as a public garden
you reach in 10 mn by foot. The circle of
equipments you can daily attend to very quickly is
ten times more large. And the places
in competition, even for daily rest-time, may be
most far away, because of the variety of the offer,
fitting with the fact it is often pleasant to have
a special hobby for your leisure-time (it gives you
identity). You can have
artistics or cultural hobbies (new public
attractive places as multimedia-libraries appeared
even in small municipalities of the city-region),
go to paying entertainment centres, pursue special
sports. Urban parks in Marseille have, to keep
users, to offer new activities (horse-riding,
ball-games, tennis…as in Parc Pastré in
Marseille, funny cars in Parc Borély…
). Real nature is
in fashion. A few decades
back, small local garden were the best way to see
flowers, the changing of season, to enjoy a sunny
day…. Lots of inhabitants can now have this in
their own property, being in individual
houses. Expenses for
plants put in individual gardens is twice more
important than it was ten years back. The search for
nature is in consequence now concerning natural
spaces. Some relevant ones exist indeed on
Marseilles territory, but the frequenting is for a
large range of places, numbers of them being quite
distant from the aggregate city. . Urban natural
spaces in Marseille are gaining numerous users when
they are open to public (because of fire, they are
closed in summer-time). ParK Pastré is
well-known because, starting there, you can have
long walks in the mountainous and wild part of
it. image Park
Pastré in Marseille, 12 hectares of urban
park and 100 hectares of natural open space on the
civil-parish territory.. Having to drive
long do not afraid users when wanting to be in real
nature, liking changing of visited places, or
wanting to have a better choice (cultural public
utilities, exhibitions and museums of privates or
municipalities are in competition for the
city-region inhabitants), ... These
behaviours are very relevant to
leisure-practices. Leisure-time
melt with pleasure. Leisure-time is
synonymus of pleasure, amusement, diversity
(activities, places), upgrading ones knowledge,
keeping company with others, individual freedom and
opening out (adults and children), and of flow,
moves. Choice of
places and hobbies make the restful time so
beautiful : having been to the best show, having
the most windy surf conditions, being in a rare
place, seing some automnal colours in a specific
forest, … These
particular manners to make use of ones spare-time
match with more frequent and usual coming and going
to the beach or to the sea and the islands which
are much resorted to at any time in summer or
winter, alone or for events. Such behaviours
suppose quite high incomes, modest inhabitants have
to apply the brakes, for themselves or for their
children, having little leisure in spite of the
desire. Others try to
match up their envy with their financial resources,
not forgetting some traditional customs always in
fashion and not expensive : river-fishing, walks,
being with friends, collecting mushrooms,
… Financial
handicap is as strong as it was in the eighties,
even if more activities and sports can be runned
near the multifamily housing, espacially in the
social estates (foot-ball played in the external
spaces in Marseilles big estates…) and even if
most of inhabitants from the social estates go to
the Pradobeaches for the afternoon or the day
during the summer (mothers assure tourning escort
for the youngest). But mobility is rather
impossible, meaning you have to pay the cost of
games, show or sport, in plus of the cost of the
trip. Image Bypass roads
have increased and gave nuisances to the social
estates, in which mobility for leisure-reasons is
very poor (Marseille, Jarret ring-road). Consequences of
urban sprawl. Two effects are
to quote , first, urban sprawl enlarge the built-up
areas in metropolitan region, in second it diminish
the social link between persons ( neighbourhood
community relationship) being opposed to the
relationship populated streets permit in dense
parts of Marseille. First element
explain the supplementay and compulsory amount of
km people accomplish to pursue their usual
leisure-habits : visiting family… . Beside,
out-of-the-way parts of the region gain users. The
massif of Sainte-Victoire (5 000 ha, moutainous and
wild, painted by famous impressionnist
Cézanne and containing dinosorus eggs,
private property with no servicies, no utilities)
40 kilometres from Marseille, is nearly as an urban
park, 800 000 visitors are counted a year, obliging
the seven concerned municipalities of having three
permanent guides to help persons to find their way
and path- (and to inform from the danger of some
flying sports …). The natural
reserve of Camargue is very visited (with museum,
exhibitions, educational courses …, so is a
site Natura-2000 next-door of Berres pool (800 ha,
wetland on an ancient industrial site making
torpedos and open to public some of the
feast-days). Second element
explain the success of festivals and others big
festal or cultural crowd (music concerts for young
people, municipal merrymaking for everyone, markets
of all sorts, fairs from the old-days,
…) New habits in
Marseilles metropolitan region. Leisure, in
global mind, from the simpliest form to the more
sophisticated one, is thought to be good for
indivual opening out. It is seen as
very useful for children, for physical health and
for social background. Time given to
hobbies is gaining for most citizen and the offer
is also most diverse. The
Pradobeaches are much like an entertainment park,
you can find a lot of ball-games grounds
(foot-ball, beach volley… with competitions
and fun-exhibitions), a skate-board ground
well-known by international practicers, submarine
discovering and free-sailing activities on summer
for the children of modest families, surf and
fun-board (attractive to all the mediterranean
lovers of that sport), demonstrations of dance,
body-building, paratroops exhibitions, concerts,
commercial fairs … fun board and
skate board (Prados beach) Image
beach The Prados
beaches were created during 20 years by gaining 42
hectares on sea and 17 km of coast and public path
(using rubish-materials from the underground
digging, 10 ha are with sand, the rest is
play-grounds and greens, ), it represent about 10 %
of greenspaces on Marseille but more than the third
of visitors ( 6 million a year for the beach, 17
million in total). It is as popular as the stadium,
for exhibitions, and have also a select clientage
(paying beach with its swimming-pool, close to a
golf- practice course and the horse
race-course) A new fashion
in Marseille is to discover the coast from the sea,
rowing on small kayaks. Trips are organised with a
monitor, 50 % of the customers are coming from very
far (parisian-region …) and 50 % are coming
from the south of France. This sport is typical of
a state of mind : the boat is very sweak but the
rowing is accurate to fight against strong wind.
You can spend several days on this boat, eating and
sleeping inside. Places are
gaining visitors at all season and at any time :
winter is no more a quiet period, week-days also,
and events taking place in night do not freighten
customers, some sports-centres have to delay the
closing hour. New places for
leisure-time : entertainment and commercial centres
in outlying. The biggest
french hypermarket is situated near Marseille, in
Plan-de-Campagne , a place, previously rural,
between three towns (Marseille, Aix,
Vitrolles). It is
developping its offer in leasure and sport
activities and in sport-equipment shops. 14 millions of
customers came in, in 2000. The effort is to
increase "fun shopping" in it with multiplex,
coffe-shops, sport utilities. You can be trained to
sports and practice them there, your children can
organise a sportive birth-day party,
… Plan-de-Campagne
started in the sixties just as a supermarket, open
all day. It is becoming to look like the
Entertainment parks american companies develop in
some french towns, outside the city . To conclude
: The number of
trips and the length of trips are
increasing. The behaviours
are so diverse that it is difficult to
classify. Desire are
limited by costs. So wealthy people can afford :
second homes, sports club, fun hobbies, cultural
and well-being activities …thereupon modest
people keep up visiting family and friends to while
away their spare-time or vacation. Actual main
trends are to enhance children activities, to
practice sport and to frequent music exhibitions,
casual events and crowdy places. Outlying is
better for leisure-time practices. The outskirts
are convenient for creating entertainment centres
(even if some take place inside towns, where
wealthy customers are and in which they may come
with public transportation) and the region is the
territory able to offer enough large natural
spaces. (When such
places do exist inside the territory of the
civil-parish, like Les Goudes in Marseille, it is
often over-booked with visitors) Les Goudes,
port La Madrague in Marseille. Image
walking, cycling…. Statistics from
Marseilles municipality, 2000. Leisure-behaviours
may appear as a hard challenge when thinking of the
compact city. But new layout
inside the town may help to increase its quality of
life, even during rest-time. Town less
polluting permit walks to discover its cultural
heritage, new greenspaces well connected to the
frontager streets transform the landscape of the
buit-up area, … Urban planning
(and base plan for a laying out of a piece of land)
paying attention to the existant greenstructure
should likely be able to upgrade the vicinity and
to answer to the demand of easy walks and of
keeping company one another. Image
Park The last
greenspace created in Marseille : 10 hectares, on
an ancient station. It has a very long mall, seven
doors to the adjacency streets (the garden is not
isolate from the buit-up contexture), a large free
space in front of it. A bypass road is underneath..
It helps to be situated in the city, being face to
face with Notre-Dame-de-la Garde church (a
belvedere exist in the garden) and is having strong
effect on the development of the sector, still full
of old small industrial plots (Parc du 26
ème centenaire).
Working
Group 1B -
Message Board Working
Groups
- agreed in Dec2000 click to return to COST C11 WG1B
All rights reserved - © COSTC11, 2002
|
Meetings Background Meetings Background Meetings Background Meetings Background Meetings Background Meetings Background Meetings Background Meetings Background |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
